Nutrition Quest 2

The Zone, like any diet, has its rules. One of the criticisms of the Zone is that it's extremely strict. But I'd argue that if you're eating with a specific meal plan to guide you, the Zone is no more strict than any other diet. Here are the rules:

1. Each meal is to contain a calorie breakdown of 40/30/30 (protein/carbs/fat).
2. Hard training athletes should consume one gram of protein per pound of bodyweight (the rest of the caloric amounts should be determined based on protein consumption).
3. Since the Zone is designed to be hypocaloric, hard training athletes need to consume extra fat (mainly monounsaturated fat).
4. Carbohydrates should come from low glycemic vegetables and fruits. Foods like bread, pasta, rice, and even ketchup are considered contraband.

These rules don't sound too bad, right? The 40/300/30 calorie breakdown is a common recommendation to athletes, but some may consider designing each meal to have this macronutrient distribution a little overkill.

Most people would also agree that 1g/lb of body weight is a good starting point for protein consumption. The addition of extra fats for a hard training athlete is debatable, as one could argue for increasing the other macronutrients as well. But this would take away from the "magic of the Zone."

Dr. Sears is also in good company with his condemnation of high glycemic carbs, as Atkins, Poliquin, and DiPasquale would probably agree with him. For me, making ketchup off-limits is going a little too far as it would be hard to live without even a little ketchup on my eggs.

By now you might be thinking, "So far, so good. Why don't more people like the Zone?" In regard to the most common complaint that it's too hard to follow, Dr. Sears proposes "the eyeball method" in which you fill one-third of your plate with protein, two-thirds of your plate with non-starch veggies, and sprinkle the whole thing with monounsaturated fats. That doesn't sound too hard, does it?

In the May 1996 edition of Muscle Media 2000, Dan Duchaine bucked up on his biochemistry and took on Dr. Sears and his claims. Let's take a look at this epic battle of the minds:

Protein Source

Sears says: The source of protein isn't that important.

Duchaine says: Quality protein is important. Examples include ion-exchange whey, egg or milk proteins, and animal-meat proteins.

Roussell says: Duchaine is right here. Dr. Sears considers gelatin a protein source throughout the recipes found in the Zone book. Sticking to high quality protein sources is recommended. Duchaine mentions milk proteins and I'd stress the inclusion of a quality casein and/or milk protein blend.

Glycemic Index

Sears says: Foods with a glycemic index above 50 are a no-no.

Duchaine says: Foods having a GI over 70 are to be avoided.

Roussell says: It depends on the time of day. Throughout the day, foods with a GI of 50 or less (e.g. green leafy carbs) should be consumed. But following a workout, high GI carbs are the way to go.

Alpha Linolenic Acid & Arachidonic Acid

Sears says: Alpha linolenic acid and arachidonic acid are to be avoided.

Duchaine says: The body needs alpha linolenic acid and arachidonic acid to make Testosterone.

Roussell says: Alpha linolenic acid (commonly found in flax) definitely has its benefits in the diet. In regard to arachidonic acid and Testosterone, I'm not convinced that you need extra arachidonic acid (AA). There's little data in humans regarding AA and Testosterone production.

Several supplement companies are coming out with AA products without really thinking about the consequences (that probably doesn't surprise anyone). In fact, on the labels they recommend that people refrain from consuming omega-3 fats while using the products. Yeah, that sounds like a good idea!

AA is extremely pro-inflammatory but it's a necessary part of the diet. Because omega-6 fatty acids are so ubiquitous in the environment, no one is at the risk of not consuming enough AA, even on the Zone diet. Plus there are better, potentially safer ways to increase Testosterone production than supplemental AA.

Starchy Carbohydrates

Sears says: Avoid rice, potatoes, and a long list of other foods.

Duchaine says: It's not necessary to avoid these foods; the evidence of a longer lifespan just isn't there.

Roussell says: I think Duchaine got confused here. Sears recommends calorie restriction in hopes of life extension, not removal of starches.

Caloric Intake

Sears says: A 150 pound man needs about 2,000 calories.

Duchaine says: Two-thousand calories a day is too low for a bodybuilder, unless he wants to lose weight.

Roussell says: One of the points of the Zone is reduction of body fat (the other main one is hormonal balance/control).

Fat

Sears says: Eating fat doesn't make your fat.

Duchaine says: Over-consumption of any macronutrient will make you fat.

Roussell says: Sears never said over-consumption of fat wouldn't make you fat. Most people would benefit from increasing their healthy fat consumption. Even today, athletes walk around fat phobic.

So, the Zone Diet has its flaws, but you should definitely not disregard the complete message. For example, Skip LaCour writes in his book Bodybuilding Nutrition, about seeing a bodybuilder at a local competition in absolutely incredible shape (it would have to be good to impress Skip).

They got to talking afterward and Skip found out that this bodybuilder used the Zone Diet while preparing for the contest. Skip went out and read Enter the Zone. He didn't adopt the complete Zone approach, but he did make changes to his nutritional plan (namely adding more fats) and saw very good changes in his physique.

On a side note, Skip increased his fat intake by adding canola oil to his salads. To this day, I don't know why he chose canola oil over olive oil. It's just gross.

Question: Mike, what's the deal with trans fats? How bad are they? Some people say that red meat has trans fats. How can that be?

Trans fats have been getting a lot of attention lately. At first I thought it was a black and white issue – trans fats are bad and you should remove them completely from your diet. This is probably an opinion shared by most people, but it goes a little deeper than that. Let's break down some myths and look at the research on trans fats.

The average American consumes up to 4% of his calories from trans fat. You might reply, "So what, Mike? I don't eat that crap filled with hydrogenated oils. I don't consume any trans fat!"

That's where you're wrong. Of that 4%, 1% are not from hydrogenated oil, but animal products. So as a T-Man or T-Vixen, it's reasonable to conclude that you actually consume more than 1% of your calories from trans fats.

Fortunately, the trans fat mainly found in animal products is vaccenic acid and not elaidic acid (also known as 18:1 n-9 trans for you science folks). Elaidic acid is a trans fat that's converted from oleic acid – a monounsaturated fat (think olive oil).

Elaidic acid is the main trans fat found in hydrogenated soybean oil and thought to be the trans fat that increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (although there's still some debate in the scientific community).

If trans fats don't occur naturally, then how do they get into animal products? The rumen (one of the four parts of a cow's stomach) of ruminants (e.g. cows or animals with four chambers in their stomachs) contains bacteria. These bacteria actually hydrogenate polyunsaturated fats and convert them to trans fats and saturated fats. Interestingly enough, free-range, grass fed cattle have higher levels of trans fats because they eat a diet higher in alpha linolenic acid – an omega-3 fat (think flaxseeds) – and other polyunsaturated fats that get converted into trans fats.

Fortunately, epidemiological data show that these "natural" trans fats don't increase your risk of heart disease, but they may instead confer some cardio-protection. There's definitely more research that needs to be done in this area.

What's really cool about vaccenic acid is that as humans we do a pretty good job of converting it into CLA. Below are two graphs from a study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (the premier journal for nutrition research) that examined the conversion of vaccenic acid to CLA (1). The top graph shows how the levels of vaccenic acid increased over time while the bottom graph shows how there were increases in CLA over time that corresponded to the increases in vaccenic. Thus the supplemental vaccenic acid was getting converted to CLA.

Changes in plasma vaccenic acid and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in subjects who consumed diets providing 1.5 g (●; n = 10), 3.0 g (▲; n = 10), or 4.5 g (■; n = 10) vaccenic acid daily.

With cities like Chicago and New York talking about banning trans fats, and KFC recently announcing it's going trans fat free, the trans fat issue is definitely in the spotlight. But there are some interesting things that aren't really being talked about in the media.

First off, let's look at why trans fats are a target. The main target in most people's heart attack prevention plan is the reduction of LDL cholesterol (the "bad" cholesterol). Trans fats raise LDL cholesterol (2). The reasoning from there is simple: reduce trans fat and you'll reduce heart disease.

It should also be noted that while the association isn't as strong as with LDL cholesterol, trans fats can lower HDL cholesterol (the "good" cholesterol) as well (2, 3). As men, we have enough trouble keeping our HDL cholesterol up so we don't need trans fats bringing us down.

Companies have been making efforts to reduce trans fat and as a result there's been a new generation of soybean oils entering the market. This new generation of oils is good for frying and baking, but not as good for your health because they've reduced the levels of omega-3 fats from 8% to 1%. The thing is, in the Netherlands they don't seem to have a problem developing stable oils higher in omega-3 fats.

Probably one of the biggest companies in the trans fat spotlight is McDonalds. Since 2002, McDonald's has been promising to reduce and/or remove trans fats from their food. A year later they said they were having trouble making the transition and needed to push back their timeframe. The people who run McDonald's in the USA must not talk to the people that run McDonald's in the Netherlands because they haven't had the same problems.

"McDonald's in the Netherlands appears to have no problem in reducing trans fatty acids to below the limit of 5%. By 2004, McDonald's french fries in the Netherlands had less than 4% trans and 24% saturates, as opposed to 21% trans and 21% saturates in the USA." (4)

What's holding USA McDonald's up? I don't know.

1. Turpeinen AM et al. Bioconversion of vaccenic acid to conjugated linoleic acid in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76(3):504-510.
2. Mozaffarian D et al. Trans Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(15):1601-1613.
3. de Roos NM et al. Replacement of Dietary Saturated Fatty Acids by Trans Fatty Acids Lowers Serum HDL Cholesterol and Impairs Endothelial Function in Healthy Men and Women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001;21(7):1233-1237.
4. Katan MB Regulation of trans fats: The gap, the Polder, and McDonald's French fries. Atheroscler Suppl. 2006 May;7(2):63-6.
5. First International Symposium on Trans Fatty Acids and Health. 2006;7(2):63-66.